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Farmers are busy finalizing cropping plans for the
coming season. Crop prices and outlook, fertilizer and input costs, and
previous cropping history and rotational concerns all weigh in on what to
grow, on what fields, and what farming practices will be used. For farming
cattleman part of the consideration is how many acres, which acres, and what
crops can most economically produce forage. A long winter of feeding that
has drawn down forage supplies and concerns over drought or reduced
production from hay fields puts additional thought into the possibilities
this year.
There are many annual planted crops that can be grown
and utilized for winter cattle feed including both warm season and cool
season grasses and several broadleaf legumes. The potential highest yielding
crop in dry matter or nutrients per acre would be corn harvested as silage.
Corn for silage however requires row crop planting, high agronomic inputs,
and high labor and equipment for silaging. In spite of the high production
and harvest costs, it can still be an economical beef cow feed if high
yields can be obtained, and low-cost, low-quality roughages can be blended
with high energy corn silage to balance cow needs.
Corn for silage on a limited acreage is more feasible
if custom harvesters are available, fields are close to home, and it can be
precisely fed with equipment as a mixer wagon. While the dry matter yield
and energy value are high for corn it is only moderate in protein and when
blended with low protein straws or hay crude protein can be short if not
supplemented with some higher protein hay or supplements. Corn is also a
long season crop which needs to be planted fairly early for optimum
production in our short growing season.
In operations where all forage is harvested and fed as
hay cereal crops are popular for forage as they are easy to grow with
relatively modest input costs. Optimum yields are obtained with good farming
practices including weed control, fertility, and planting date. As cool
season crops-oats or barley should be planted in early May into clean fields
whether by conventional or direct seeding methods. Forage yield responds
well to nitrogen fertility, but some caution should be exercised as
potentially toxic nitrates can build up in stressed plants grown on high
nitrogen fertility. In stress prone areas it is recommended to limit soil
plus applied nitrogen to 60 to 70 pounds. Delaying harvest date to the dough
stage maximizes tonnage per acre and minimizes curing time in the swath but
also results in a lower quality more fibrous forage prone to greater feeding
waste if not chopped.
If the cereal hay will be used to supplement low
quality forage early in the winter and meet lactating cow requirements
latter in the year, an earlier harvest stage is recommended. Protein levels
fall off fairly fast from the boot stage to grain filling. The best
compromise for oats is at the flowing to early milk stage and for barley at
the late milk to soft dough stage when fed to stock cows.
While typical conventional grain varieties are good
choices there is a slight yield advantage for varieties selected and
marketed as forage types. Forage barley varieties have the shown to be
slightly higher in protein, and are beardless eliminating mouth irritation
and potential lump jaw infections possible with bearded barley. Oat for hay
has a tendency in warm drier areas to out yield barley and from a cropping
rotation stand point is a better choice than barley for most operations.
Barley however has more herbicide options, and after tests a few percent
points higher in digestibility.
Millet, Sudan grass or Sorghum Sudan crosses are warm
season grasses that are suited to latter planting, can be planted with small
grain drills, are good rotational cropping choices, and have potential for
high yields. Optimum planting date is early to late June which fits well
into situations where a second cropping alternative is needed for an earlier
planted failed crop, the May planting window has passed, and to spread risk
to forage crops with some what different seasons when weather and rainfall
can be unpredictable and sporadic.
Foxtail millets (German or Siberian) are about 50 day
crop to heading and popular as a late season emergency alternatives. They
are very small seeded making them affordable to plant
(12-15 lb/acre) however they must be seeded shallow
and have good surface moisture for establishment. At harvest they are fairly
short and fine stemmed making them easier to cut, cure, and bale as hay than
Sudan grass and Sorghum-Sudan hybrids but also yield less per acre. Sudan
and Sorghum crosses are larger seeded, easier to establish, and have very
high yield potential under warm and moist conditions. They like cereal if
stressed can accommodate nitrates, and can grow very tall with large juicy
stems, making it difficult to cure for baling. They tend to be longer season
crops often harvested at vegetative or early head emergence stages fairly
late in the fall. If not too mature at harvest cattle like and readily
consume sudan sorghum hays which tends to be fairly high in digestibility
but low in crude protein.
Forage species and variety, soil fertility, and stage
of harvest impact forage protein levels of grasses which range from a low of
about 7 to about 14%. Inclusion of annual legumes as an intercrop can
potentially raise protein levels several percentage points and reduce fiber
levels and increase relative feed value. The most popular option is to seed
a blend of oats and peas and harvest when the peas are in the early flat
podding stage. Forage variety soybeans are sometimes planted in combination
with warm season grasses. Annual legume crops as peas, lentils, non winter
hardy alfalfa, soybeans, hairy vetch, chickling vetch typically produce very
high quality forage both in terms of crude protein levels and digestibility,
however yields are generally substantially less than annual grasses in our
region. In spite of reduced fertilizer inputs associated with legumes which
if innoculated will fix most of their nitrogen needs and rotational benefits
to following cereal and oil crops, high seeding costs and limited seed
availability are drawbacks.
The final decision on the
selection and management of annual forage cropping alternatives must not
only include cropping rotations and plans but the use of the forage. Is it
going to be a major source of winter feed or a supplement to other forage
and to what kinds of animals will it be fed and how will it be fed and
delivered to them. For further information on yield and quality evaluations
on annual forages contact the NDSU Extension Service.
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