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MEDIUM
To HIGH PROTEIN SOURCES - are best suited as a substitute for
soybean meal, the crop preferred by most feeders. Protein represents
a major expense when balancing rations. Many oil seed crops offer
protein-rich feedstuffs that are readily utilized by livestock.
They also offer a good source of bypass or escape protein necessary
in the diets of high producing dairy cows. However, protein degradability
and availability varies considerably due to type of milling process
used.
Canola
Meal Meal obtained after extraction of oil from rapeseed
(Brassica spp.). Canola is an improved rapeseed low in erucic acid
and glucosinolates.
According
to marketing specifications, it must contain 35% protein, a maximum
of 12% crude fiber, and a maximum of 30 micro moles of glucosinolates
per gram.
Canola meal compares favorably and can replace soybean meal in diets.
Protein is highly degradable and typically 35% CP.
Recommend feeding in combination with less degradable proteins in
high producing dairy cow rations.
Amino acid content is very similar to that of soybean oil meal,
therefore, leucine, isoleuceine, and methionine may be first limiting
in dairy diets formulated for undegradable protein.
Slightly less palatable than other oil seed meals. Cattle adjust
intake in 1 to 5 days.
Research demonstrates its value is very satisfactory in protein
content and mineral sources for all classes of dairy animals.
Incorporate into diets at the following levels.
Calf starter 20%
Total diet (dairy) 10% to 15%
Grain mix (dairy) 25% to 30%
Corn
Gluten Meal Dried residue from corn after the removal
of the larger part of the starch and germ and the separation of
the bran.
May or may
not contain fermented corn extractives and/or corn germ meal.
Both 40% (also known as corn germ meal) and 60% CP are available
with 60% CGM the more common of the two by-products.
Slightly more energy than corn and more energy than gluten feed.
Source of RUP or escape protein (41- 55% of CP).
Palatability can be a problem, especially fed as a top dress.
Upper feeding limits are commonly 2 to 3 pounds of DM per cow per
day.
Cottonseed
Meal Obtained by finely grinding the flakes which remain
after removal of most of the oil or remaining cake from cottonseed.
Alternative processing methods may result in varying oil content
in meal.
Palatability
and availability make it a very common protein supplement.
Has about 90% of the energy of soybean meal or linseed meal.
Can replace all soybean meal in ration when economics dictate. No
feeding limits, except for CP and UIP restrictions.
Protein degradability is similar to or slightly less than soybeans
(57% versus 65%).
Fiber content is about 19% ADF.
Contains gossypol, but not at high enough levels to affect cows
when no more than 15% included in total diet DM.
However, caution is advised when feeding both whole cottonseed and
cottonseed meal, which may collectively approach toxic levels of
intake.
Aflatoxin contamination can be a problem in some areas.
Crambe
Meal A spring annual herb from the crucifer family of
vegetables and closely related oilseeds and condiment species, such
as rapeseed and mustard.
Expeller
pressed with about 5% residual oil.
Protein degradability estimated at 30% of crude protein.
Fiber content about 42% ADF.
Cleared only for beef backgrounding, finishing cattle, and non-lactating
dairy. See Anderson et al., Carrington Research Extension Center
livestock report.
Linseed
Meal Obtained after grinding the flakes, cake, or chips
which remain after removal
of oil from flaxseed by mechanical or solvent extraction.
Palatable,
mildly laxative, and must not contain more than 10% crude fiber.
Contains somewhat less energy than soybean meal and is higher in
fiber (ADF).
High in protein with degradability similar to soybean meal.
No feeding limits, except restrictions imposed by CP and UIP diet
specifications.
Generally included up to 25% of the grain mix or about 9 pounds
per cow per day.
Good source of selenium.
Supplementation with linseed meal produces bloom and makes for a
soft hair coat.
Lupin
Seeds Oilseed from an annual cool season legume that common
to Canada and the northern tier of counties in the US.
Level of
alkaloids determine bitterness of beans; above .5% are bitter.
Sweet lupins (less than .03% alkaloids) preferred for feeding.
Protein low in amino acids methionine and cystine.
Highly degradable source of protein 80% of CP.
Do not use as only protein source. Best when fed with soybean meal;
50% lupins and 50% soybean meal.
Feed at rate of up to 4 pounds per head per day.
Should be rolled or ground before feeding.
Safflower
Meal Remains obtained after extraction of oil from either
whole or dehulled seed.
Meal from
unhulled seed has only 20% protein and is high in fiber (ADF).
Meal made from well-hulled seeds has about 40% protein and much
higher energy.
Safflower from either source is not as palatable to cattle as more
commonly used supplements.
Usually restricted to 20% or less of the concentrate mix.
See Poland et al., Dickinson Research Center beef reports
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