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Distillers
Solubles
Obtained from condensing the thin stillage protein.
Contents
from dry matter range from 6% to 26%.
Crude protein ranges from 30% to 35% of DM.
Maximum daily intake is about 30 pounds per cow (8 pounds of DM
per cow).
Distillers
Wet Grains The product obtained after removal of ethyl alcohol
by distillation.
Nutrient
analysis similar to distillers dried grains, except moisture.
Feeding limits similar to brewers wet grains, 5 to 10 pounds of
DM per day.
Hominy
Feed Product of dry corn milling for table corn meal,
producing pearl hominy and corn grits. The useful by-products are:
hominy feed, corn bran, corn germ cake, and corn germ meal. Hominy
feed is defined as a mixture of corn bran, corn germ, and part of
the starchy portion of either yellow or white corn kernels.
Fiber, starch,
and fat content of hominy feed vary considerably, so laboratory
analysis is recommended. Slightly more energy and protein than corn.
Fat content may vary depending on manufacturing process (5% to 12%).
Very palatable and can be included in ration at high levels, similar
to corn. Physical form is fairly fine relative to corn that is processed
on-farm, enhancing its energy value and content of ruminally fermentable
carbohydrate. Upper feeding limits are 10 to 15 pounds of DM per
cow per day; often restricted because of its high fat content.
Malt
Sprouts Consists of dried sprouts and rootlets produced
from malting (germination or sprouting) of barley for beer. The
sprouts are separated from the malt and pelleted.
Medium protein,
medium to low energy, and high in fiber. Should contain at least
24% protein. Has about 82% the TDN of corn. Product may be dusty
and tend to be bitter, thus reducing palatability. Limited forage
replacement value, effectiveness factor of .48:1. Limit to not more
than 20% of rations for high producing cows. Upper limit on forage
replacement is 15% to 25% of the forage DM in diet. Associative
effects believed to improve fat test by contributing to rumen fiber
mat.
Soy Hulls
Consists primarily of the outer covering of the soybean after
processing.
Slightly
more TDN than beet pulp or oats, 88% the energy value of corn. It
should contain not less than 13% CP and not more than 32% crude
fiber. Contains high level of ADF (50-55%) and NDF, but a very digestible
fiber. Palatable, but tends to be bulky, limiting intake. Inclusion
rates restricted to 45% of grain mix, but generally limited to 5
to 10 pounds per cow per day because of its high fat content. Used
in rations to replace carbohydrates from starch. Use in early lactation
diets allows the formulation of high NDF, moderate NFC diets of
high energy density. Limited forage replacement at 10% of forage
DM, effectiveness factor at .25:1. Soybean flakes, soyhulls, and
soybean hulls are all similar feeds and good sources of highly digestible
fiber. Sunflower hulls, by contrast, are low in digestibility, but
add bulk to the diet and absorb liquids such as molasses.
Straws
Typically post harvest small grain crop residue.
Much lower
in feeding value and less palatable than hay from the same plants
before they have matured. Most useful in rations for animals not
being fed for high production, such as dry cows and yearling heifers
when properly supplemented.
Of the cereal straws, oat straw is the most nutritious, followed
by: barley, wheat, rye, and rice, in order of palatability and digestibility.
Wheat chaff may contain up to 11% CP, 3% fat, 3.5% fiber, and 39%
readily available starch and sugars. Sunflower chaff (combine waste
and head pieces) is useful for dry cows and heifers. Many are better
suited for bedding unless supplemented with energy, protein, minerals,
and vitamin A.
Treatment with sodium hydroxide, ammonia, and other substances shows
promise of increasing the feeding value.
Wheat By-Products
Bran
Coarse outer covering of wheat kernel separated from cleaned
and scoured wheat.
Bran is
palatable, mildly laxative, and highly bulky, making it fairly popular
in concentrates for dry cows.
Middlings
Consists of fine particles of wheat bran, wheat shorts, wheat
germ, wheat
flour, and some of the offal from the tail of the mill. Approximately
20% of the original wheat kernel may end up in wheat midds.
Middlings
(or midds) are generally used as a grain replacer.
Moderate source of protein (18-20%), medium energy and contains
no more than 9.5% crude fiber. Often restricted because of high
ruminally degraded protein (75% of CP). As a forage replacer, effectiveness
factor is .57:1. Effective fiber is lower than compared to beet
pulp or soyhulls. Upper limit on forage replacement is 20% to 25%
of forage DM. Grain ratios with more than 20% midds result in decreased
milk production. Generally recommended that intake of midds limited
to 8 pounds per cow per day or 15% of the total ration.
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