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TYPES OF
FEEDS
Livestock feeds
are typically classified as concentrates and roughages. In the category
called concentrates, they are further subdivided into energy feeds
and protein feeds. However, by-product feeds can have the characteristics
of both a concentrate and roughage. Therefore, they are grouped
below according to currently accepted classifications. Several by-product
feeds are available both fresh (containing high levels of water)
and dried. The by-products discussed in this publication are those
most commonly available in our region.
HIGH FIBER
SOURCES - are best suited to extending forage/roughage supplies
when good quality corn silage and hay are not readily available
at competitive prives. They are usually mixed with the concentrate
portion of the diet, due to the nature of handling the product.
Many are very palatable, relatively easy to mix into rations and
provide bulk and effective fiber. The incorporation of such by-products
has helped solve disposal problems associated with some industries
and reduced the quantity of feed grains required in animal production.
Beet Pulp
Residue from manufacturing sugar from sugar beets.
Excellent by-product for ruminants, highly palatable due to processing
(cell rupture).
Can be fed wet, either fresh or ensiled or after being dehydrated,
available in shreds or pelleted form.
Pulp mixed with molasses (~3%) before drying, increases energy and
palatability.
At least 85% of the energy value of corn, 95% of the energy value
of barley.
Low in crude protein typically 8% to 10% of DM, but 90% of
the protein is pure protein making it very high quality favoring
microbial protein synthesis.
Contains 17% to 22% crude fiber, but fiber is highly digestible,
made up of pectin and sugars that are effective in maintaining milk
fat test.
Effectiveness factor of .43 (fraction of NDF versus 1.0 for long
forage).
High calcium, low phosphorus can aggravate Ca:P ratios in
alfalfa diets.
Can be fed up to 50% in dairy concentrate -OR- replace 15% to 25%
of the forage DM in diet.
Dried sugarbeet pulp can be included up 30% of the dietary DM.
Brewers
Grains Coproduct from brewing beer, the extracted residue
of barley malt alone or in mixture with other cereal grains.
75% of the energy value of corn, 80% of the energy value of barley.
Medium protein feed ranging from 20% to 25% crude protein (CP) in
DM.
Unique properties provide both digestible fiber and bypass protein
(UIP - 50% of CP).
Low in sodium and potassium.
Dried
Condensed liquid by-product of brewing beer. Rather bulky and dusty,
reduces palatability. Should not make up more than 25% of concentrate
fed -OR- 5 to 10 lbs of DM per head per day for milking cows. Upper
limit on forage replacement is 10% to 15% forage DM.
Wet
Nutrient content subject to variation, so purchase based on guaranteed
analysis.
Moisture content can range from 70% to 80%, making it expensive
to transport long distances. High moisture is limiting factor in
formulating silage diets. Limit to less than 40 pounds per head
per day as fed in milking cows. Can supply up to one-half of supplemental
protein. Do not feed to calves less than four months of age. Mineral
balance of diet is important. Storage limited to less than seven
days in warm weather.
Condensed
Solubles Condensed liquid coproduct of brewing
beer.
Dry matter content varies from 20% to 50%.
Protein content variable; as high as 25%.
On DM basis, is similar to corn in feed value.
Low in fiber and calcium, moderately low in protein, high in energy.
Feed at 10 to 20 pounds per head per day.
Not stable. Tends to ferment, expand rapidly.
Use of propionic acid (3 pounds per ton) helps preserve.
Do not feed free choice, very palatable.
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